When discussing graphene, we should initially state the all-natural mineral graphite that is commonly existing in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are closely linked, but the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers hangs, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will move apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms create a normal hexagonal ring on the same plane, extending to create a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite includes concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is tough to peel off a solitary layer structure.
More than 20 years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there should be a means to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took a very “basic and unrefined” method – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we compose a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists boldly associate that if tape can stick to the surface of paper, can it likewise stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into two. Although the thickness of graphite currently is still much from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have actually verified the expediency of this method – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite comes to be thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical peeling approach” to duplicate the operation, they finally acquired a thin sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this technique of repetitively exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing efficiency and can only be made use of to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the improvement of scientific and technological levels, the preparation approach of graphene has additionally made great development. Currently, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are additionally lots of techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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